A Palestinian refugee cut off from her home by the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line), which was established after the Arab-Israeli war in 1948. Credit: Undated UN Archives
The US gives Israel over $10 million per day in aid. Yet, most Americans know little about Israel and how it was established…
A top Israeli newspaper reports: “The authorities turned a blind eye and thus encouraged the looting, despite all the denunciations, the pretense and a few ridiculous trials. The looting served a national purpose: to quickly complete the ethnic cleansing of most of the country of its Arabs, and to see to it that 700,000 refugees would never even imagine returning to their homes.
Two articles below:
By Gideon Levy, reposted from Haaretz
The quote in the headline wasn’t uttered by an antisemitic leader, a Jew hater or a neo-Nazi. The words are those of the founder of the State of Israel, two months after it was founded. Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion was furious, or at least pretended to be, at a meeting of his political party Mapai, in light of the wave of looting of Arab property by the new Israelis throughout the nascent state.
The concept of a state born in sin had never been so concrete: “Like locusts, the residents of Tiberias swarmed into the houses…”; “total and complete robbery…not a thread was left in [any house]”; and “soldiers wrapped in Persian rugs in the streets,” are a few of the descriptions of what happened in front of everyone, and was never told as it really was.
Now the historian Adam Raz wrote about it: “Looting of Arab Property in the War of Independence,” and Haaretz’s Ofer Aderet reported on it in a shocking article in Haaretz on Friday [see below]. It should weigh on what is left of the conscience of any proper Zionist, and flood us with feelings of deep shame and guilt even after 72 years.
The authorities turned a blind eye and thus encouraged the looting, despite all the denunciations, the pretense and a few ridiculous trials. The looting served a national purpose: to quickly complete the ethnic cleansing of most of the country of its Arabs, and to see to it that 700,000 refugees would never even imagine returning to their homes.
Even before Israel managed to destroy most of the houses, and wipe from the face of the earth more than 400 villages, came this mass looting to empty them out, so that the refugees would have no reason to return.
The looters therefore were motivated not only by ugly greed to possess stolen property right after the war was over, property belonging in some cases to people who were their neighbors just the day before, and not only by the desire to get rich quick by looting household items and ornaments, some of them very costly. The looters also served, consciously or unconsciously, the ethnic purification project that Israel has tried in vain to deny all through the years. The looters were a cog in the large machine of the expulsion of the Arabs.

Looting served a strategic goal: Purifying the land
This looting, in which almost everyone took part, was the small looting, the one that proved if only for a moment that “most of the Jews are thieves,” as the founding father said. But that was mini-looting compared to the institutionalized looting of property, houses, villages and cities – the looting of the land.
And so, the intentions of the heads of the Jewish community who allowed the looting are more infuriating than the individual descriptions of it. It is amazing that it was never talked about, another one of the apparatuses of denial and repression by Israel society.
Thirst for revenge and drunkenness with victory after the difficult war might perhaps explain, even partially, the participation of so many. War is an ugly thing, and so is the day after. But when the looting reflects not only momentary human weakness but is intended to serve a clear strategic goal – purifying the country of its inhabitants – words fail.
Anyone who believes that a solution will ever be found to the conflict without proper atonement and compensation for these acts, is living in an illusion. Now think about the feelings of the descendants, the Arabs of Israel and the Palestinian refugees, who are living with us and alongside us. They see the pictures and read these things – what crosses their minds?
Perhaps a few of them once came across a Persian rug that belonged to their parents, or a glass display case that was their grandmother’s, a memory from their childhood, resting in the home of a Jew whose house they cleaned. Perhaps they see their grandmother’s coffeepot or their grandfather’s ancient sword on display in some Jewish home they were renovating.
They will never be able to see the villages of their ancestors: Israel demolished most of them, to leave not a shred. But one small stolen souvenir from the home that was lost might cause a tear to fall. Just ask the Jews enraged over any stolen Jewish property.
Jewish Soldiers and Civilians Looted Arab Neighbors’ Property en Masse in ’48. The Authorities Turned a Blind Eye
Refrigerators and caviar, champagne and carpets – a first-ever comprehensive study by historian Adam Raz reveals the extent to which Jews looted Arab property during the War of Independence, and explains why Ben-Gurion stated: ‘Most of the Jews are thieves’

By Ofer Aderet, reposted from Haaretz
“We turned a mahogany closet into a chicken coop and we swept up the garbage with a silver tray. There was chinaware with gold embellishments, and we would spread a sheet on the table and place chinaware and gold on it, and when the food was finished, everything was taken together to the basement. In another place, we found a storeroom with 10,000 boxes of caviar, that’s what they counted. After that, the guys couldn’t touch caviar again their whole life. There was a feeling on one hand of shame at the behavior, and on the other hand a feeling of lawlessness. We spent 12 days there, when Jerusalem was groaning under horrible shortages, and we were putting on weight. We ate chicken and delicacies you wouldn’t believe. In [the headquarters at] Notre Dame, some people shaved with champagne.”
– Dov Doron, in testimony about looting in Jerusalem
***
On July 24, 1948, two months after establishment of the State of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, head of the provisional government, voiced some extreme criticism about its people: “It turns out that most of the Jews are thieves… I say this deliberately and simply, because unfortunately it is true.” His comments appear in black and white in the minutes of a meeting of the Central Committee of Mapai, the forerunner of Labor, stored in the Labor Party Archives.
“People from the Jezreel Valley stole! The pioneers of the pioneers, parents of Palmach [pre-state commando force] children! And everyone took part in it, baruch Hashem, the people of [Moshav] Nahalal!… This is a general blow. It’s appalling, because it shows a basic flaw. Theft and robbery – and where does this come to us from? Why have the people of the land – builders, creators, pioneers – come to deeds like this? What happened?”
The protocol was unearthed by historian Adam Raz in the course of his research for his new book which, as its title suggests, addresses a highly charged, sensitive and volatile issue: “Looting of Arab Property in the War of Independence” (Carmel Publishing House, in association with the Akevot Institute for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Research; in Hebrew). The task he undertook was daunting: to collect, for the first time in a single volume, all existing information about the pillaging of Arab property by Jews during the 1947-49 Israeli War of Independence – from Tiberias in the north to Be’er Sheva in the south; from Jaffa to Jerusalem via the villages, mosques and churches scattered between them. Raz pored over 30 archives around the country, perused newspapers of that era and examined all extant literature on the subject. The result is shattering.
“Many parts of the Israeli public – civilians and soldiers alike – were involved in looting the property of the Arab population,” Raz tells Haaretz. “The pillaging spread like wildfire among that public.” It involved the contents of tens of thousands of homes, stores and factories, of mechanical equipment, farm produce, cattle and more, he continues. Also included were pianos, books, clothing, jewelry, furniture, electrical appliances, engines and cars. Raz has left to others investigation of the fate of the land and buildings left behind by the 700,000 Arabs who fled or were expelled in the war. He focuses on movables only, items that could be stuffed into bags or loaded onto vehicles.
Ben-Gurion is not the only senior figure Raz quotes. Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Ben-Gurion’s fellow law student decades earlier, and later Israel’s second president, also mentioned the phenomenon. According to his account, those who engaged in looting were “‘decent’ Jews who view the act of robbery as natural and permissible.” In a letter, dated June 2, 1948, to Ben-Gurion quoted by Raz, Ben-Zvi wrote that what was happening in Jerusalem was doing “dreadful” damage to the honor of the Jewish people and the fighting forces.
“I cannot remain silent about the robbery, both [that which is] organized by groups and [that which is] unorganized, by individuals,” he wrote. “Robbery has become a general phenomenon… Everyone will agree that our thieves fell upon the abandoned neighborhoods like locusts on a field or an orchard.”
Raz’s thorough archival work turned up countless quotes, which make for painful reading, from senior and junior figures in the Israeli public and establishment, from leaders to low-ranking troops.

In an archival file of the Custodian of Absentees’ Property (i.e., property owned by Palestinians who left their homes or the country after passage of the Nov. 29, 1947, UN partition resolution, which was seized by the Israeli government), Raz located a 1949 report by Dov Shafrir, the official custodian, which states: “The panicky mass flight of the Arab residents, leaving behind immense property in hundreds and thousands [of] apartments, stores, warehouses and workshops, the abandonment of crops in the fields and fruit in gardens, orchards and vineyards, all this amid the tumult of the war… confronted the fighting Yishuv [pre-1948 Jewish community in Palestine] with a grave material temptation… passions of revenge, moral justification and material allurement tripped up a great many… Events on the ground rolled down a slope unchecked.”
The testimony of Haim Kremer, who served in the Palmach’s Negev Brigade and was sent to Tiberias to prevent looting, was found in the Yad Tabenkin Archive, in Ramat Gan. “Like locusts, the residents of Tiberias swarmed into the houses… We had to resort to blows and clubs, to beat them back and force them to leave things on the ground,” Kremer stated.
The diary of Yosef Nachmani, a Tiberias resident who had been a founder of the Hashomer Jewish defense organization, was deposited in its archive and contains the following entry about events in his city in 1948: “The Jewish mob rampaged and started to loot the shops… By the dozens and dozens, in groups, the Jews proceeded to rob the Arabs’ homes and shops.”
Many soldiers, too, “didn’t hang back and joined in the festivities,” wrote Nahum Av, the Haganah commander of the Old City of Tiberias, in his memoirs. Jewish soldiers who had just done battle against Arabs were posted at the entrance to the Old City, he wrote, in order to prevent Jewish residents from breaking into the homes of Arabs. They were armed “when confronting Jews who tried to force their way into the city with the aim of robbing and looting.” Throughout the day, “crowds thronged around the barriers and tried to burst in. The soldiers were compelled to resist with force.”
In this connection, Kremer noted that “there was competition between different units of the Haganah… who came in cars and boats and loaded all kinds of objects… refrigerators, beds and so on.” He added: “Naturally, the Jewish crowd in Tiberias burst in to do likewise. It left a very harsh impression on me, the ugliness of it. It stains our flag… Our struggle is harmed at its moral level… disgraceful… such a moral decline.”
People were seen “wandering between the looted shops and taking whatever remained after the shameful theft,” Nahum Av added in his account. “I patrolled the streets and saw a city which until not long beforehand had been more or less normal. Whereas now it was a ghost town, plundered, its shops broken into and its homes empty of occupants… The most shameful spectacle was of people rummaging among the heaps that remained after the great robbery. One sees the same humiliating sights everywhere. I thought: How could it be? This should never have been allowed to happen.”
Netiva Ben-Yehuda, an iconic Palmach fighter who took part in the battle for Tiberias, was uncompromising in her description of the events. “Such pictures were known to us. It was the way things had always been done to us, in the Holocaust, throughout the world war, and all the pogroms. Oy, how well we knew those pictures. And here – here, we were doing these awful things to others,” she wrote. “We loaded everything onto the van – with a terrible trembling of the hands. And that wasn’t because of the weight. Even now my hands are shaking, just from writing about it.”
Tiberias, conquered by the Jewish forces in April 1948, was the first mixed, Jewish-Arab city to be taken in the War of Independence. It was “an archetype in miniature of everything that would take place in the months ahead in the country’s Arab and mixed cities,” Raz says. In the course of his research, he discovered that no official data exist about the looting, its physical and monetary scope. But clearly, such acts took place extensively in every such town.
Indeed, Raz found accounts similar to those about Tiberias in documentation of the battle for Haifa, which took place a few days later, on April 21 and 22. “As they fought and conquered with one hand, the fighters found time to loot, among other items, sewing machines, record players and clothing, with the other hand,” according to Zeev Yitzhaki, who fought in the city’s Halisa neighborhood.
“People grabbed whatever they could… Those with initiative opened the abandoned shops and loaded the merchandise onto every vehicle. Anarchy reigned,” added Zadok Eshel, from the Carmeli Brigade. “Along with the joy at the city’s liberation and the relief after months of blood-soaked incidents, it was shocking to see the eagerness of civilians to take advantage of the vacuum and raid the homes of people whom a cruel fate had turned into refugees.”

Yosef Nachmani, who visited Haifa after it was taken by the Jewish forces, wrote, “Old people and women, irrespective of age and religious status, are all busy looting. And no one is stopping them. Shame and disgrace overwhelm me; there’s a desire to spit on the city and leave it. This will take its revenge on us and in the education of the youth and the children. People have lost all sense of shame, acts like these undermine the society’s moral foundations.”
So widespread was the looting and theft that the general prosecutor who accompanied the fighting forces in Haifa, Moshe Ben-Peretz, stated in June 1948: “There is nothing [left] to take from [the] Arabs. Simply a pogrom… And the commanders all have excuses; ‘I just got here two weeks ago,’ etc. There is no one to detain.”
***
“There were so many houses in ruins, and smashed furniture lying amid the heaps of rubble. The doors of the houses on both side of the street were broken into. Many objects from the houses lay scattered on the sidewalks… On the threshold of the house was a cradle leaning on its side, and a naked doll, somewhat crushed, was lying next to it, its face pointing down. Where is the baby? Which exile did he go into? Which exile?”
– Moshe Carmel, commander of the Carmeli Brigade, about the looting in Haifa
Members of the Yishuv’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry had warned about possible looting. “In the future we will stand before history, which will address the subject,” they wrote to the pre-state leadership body the Emergency Committee. The army’s Judicial Service Staff, part of the military justice apparatus, noted, in a document entitled “Epidemic of Looting and Robbery”: “This affliction has spread to all the units and all the officer ranks… The robberies and the pillage have assumed appalling dimensions, and our soldiers are occupied with this work to an extent that endangers their preparedness for battle and their devotion to their tasks.”
Members of the Communist Party also spoke out on the subject. In a memorandum to the People’s Administration (the provisional government cabinet) and Haganah headquarters, the party referred to “a campaign of looting, robbery and theft of Arab property in frightening dimensions.” Indeed, “The great majority of the homes of the Arab residents have been emptied of all valuables, the merchandise and commodities have been stolen from the shops, and the machines have been removed from the workshops and factories.”
After the conquest of Haifa, Ben-Gurion wrote in his diary about “total and complete robbery” in the Wadi Nisnas neighborhood, perpetrated by the Irgun, the pre-state militia led by Menachem Begin, and Haganah forces. “There were cases in which Haganah people, including commanders, were found with stolen items,” he wrote. A few days later, in a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive, Golda Meir noted that “in the first day or two [following the city’s conquest], the situation in the area of conquests was grim. In the sector taken by the Irgun, especially, not a thread was left in [any] house.”
Reports about the looting also appeared in the press. At the end of 1948, Aryeh Nesher, Haaretz’s Haifa correspondent, wrote, “It turns out that the Jewish people has also learned this profession [theft], and very thoroughly, as is customary with Jews. ‘Hebrew labor’ now exists in this vocation, too. Indeed, the scourge of thefts has struck Haifa. All circles of the Yishuv took part in it, irrespective of ethnic community and country of origin. New immigrants and former denizens of Acre Prison, longtime residents from both East and West without discrimination… And where are the police?” A reporter for Maariv, who took part in a tour of Jerusalem in July 1948, wrote, “Bring judges and police officers to Jewish Jerusalem, for we have become as all the nations.”
***
Haifa, 1948. The pillaging, says Raz, “was tolerated” by the leadership, and first and foremost by Ben-Gurion – despite his condemnations in official forums. Credit: Fred Chesnik / IDF and Defense Establishment Archive“All along the way there is no house, no store, no workshop from which everything was not taken… Things of value and of no value – everything, literally! You are left with a shocked impression by this picture of ruins and heaps of rubble, among which men are wandering, poking through the rags in order to get something for nothing. Why not take? Why have pity?”
– Ruth Lubitz, testimony about looting in Jaffa
Raz, 37, is on the staff of the Akevot Institute (which focuses on human-rights issues related to the conflict), and edits the journal Telem for the Berl Katznelson Foundation. (He is also a frequent contributor of historical pieces to Haaretz.) Though he does not possess a doctoral degree, his résumé includes a number of studies that could easily have served as the basis for a Ph.D. thesis – about the Kafr Qasem massacre, the Israeli nuclear project and Theodor Herzl. The looting of Arab property by Jews has been written about before, but Raz is apparently the first to have devoted an entire monograph to the subject.
“Unlike other researchers who have written about the war, I view the looting as an event of far greater order than what has been said about it previously,” the historian notes. “In the book, I show how disturbed most of the decision makers were about the looting and the dangers it posed to Jewish society, and the degree to which it was a contentious issue among them.”
He also maintains that there has been a “conspiracy of silence” about the phenomenon. As a result, even now, in 2020, colleagues who read the book prior to its publication were “surprised by its scale,” he says.
Men, women and children scurried hither and thither like drugged mice. Many quarreled over one item or another in one of the heaps, and it reached the point of bloodshed.
Yair Goren
He describes the plundering of Arab property by Jews as a “singular” phenomenon, because the looters were civilians (Jews) who stole from their civilian neighbors (Arabs). “These were not abstract ‘enemies’ from across the seas, but yesterday’s neighbors,” he says.
On what grounds do you claim that this was a singular event? History shows that in World War II, the Polish public also looted the property of their Jewish neighbors, who had lived alongside them peacefully for centuries. Maybe this is a response that’s not unique to our case? Maybe it’s human nature?
Raz: “Looting in wartime is an ancient historical phenomenon that is documented in texts thousands of years old. My book does not deal with the phenomenon in general, but with the Israeli-Arab-Palestinian case. It was important for me to emphasize that the looting of Arab property was different from ‘regular’ wartime looting. These weren’t American soldiers, for example, who plundered the Vietnamese, or Germans thousands of kilometers form home. These were civilians who looted their neighbors across the street. I don’t mean that they necessarily knew Ahmed or Noor whose property they stole, but that the neighbors were part of a shared social civil fabric.
“The Jews from Haifa and the area who looted the property of close to 70,000 Arabs in Haifa, for example, knew the Arabs whose homes they pillaged. That was certainly the case also in the mixed cities and the villages that existed next to kibbutzim and moshavim. The book is rife with examples attesting to the fact that the looters knew that what they were doing was immoral. Furthermore, the public knew that the majority of the Palestinian community had not taken an active part in the fighting. In most cases, in fact, the looting took place after the fighting, in the days and weeks following the Palestinians’ flight and expulsion.”
Still, it’s not the only case of its kind.

“As a historian, I am not an advocate of comparative history, and I didn’t find that much could be gleaned about the Israeli case from pillaging that took place in history.”
***
From Haifa, Raz’s book moves to Jerusalem, where the looting went on for months, he says. He quotes the diary of Moshe Salomon, a company commander who fought in the city: “We were all swept up by it, privates and officers alike. Everyone was seized by a craving for possessions. They rummaged through every house, and some found food, others found expensive objects. The mania attacked me, too, and I was barely able to stop myself. In this regard there is no limit to what people will do… It’s here that the moral and human slope starts, so one can understand the meaning of the doctrine that says that moral values and humanity become blurred in war.”
Yair Goren, a Jerusalem resident, related that “the hunt for booty was intense… Men, women and children scurried hither and thither like drugged mice. Many quarreled over one item or another in one of the heaps, or over a number of items, and it reached the point of bloodshed.”
The operations officer of the Harel Brigade, Eliahu Sela, described how “pianos and armchairs in gold and crimson were loaded onto our trucks. It was awful. It was awful. Fighters saw a radio and said, ‘Hey, I need a radio.’ Then they saw a dinner set. They threw out the radio and took the dinner set… Soldiers pounced on bedding. They loaded and loaded [things] in their coats.”
David Werner Senator, one of the leaders of Brit Shalom, which advocated Arab-Jewish coexistence in one state, and a senior administrator at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, described what he saw: “These days, when you pass through the streets of Rehavia [an upscale Jerusalem neighborhood], you see everywhere old people, young folk and children returning from Katamon or other neighborhoods with bags filled with stolen objects. The booty is diverse: refrigerators and beds, clocks and books, undergarments and clothing… What a disgrace the Jewish robbers have brought on us, and what moral ruin they have brought on us! Clearly, a terrible licentiousness is spreading among both younger and older people.”
An operations officer in the Etzioni Brigade, Eliahu Arbel, described soldiers “wrapped in Persian rugs” that they had stolen. One night, he came across a suspicious armored vehicle. “We discovered that it was filled with refrigerators, record players, carpets and what have you.” The driver said to him, “Give me your address, I’ll bring whatever you want to your house.” Arbel continues: “I didn’t know what to do. Arrest him? Kill him? I told him, ‘Get the hell out of here!’ And he drove off.” Subsequently, he recalled, “A neighbor told my wife that an electric refrigerator could be had cheaply in a certain store. I went to the store and encountered the man from the armored vehicle there. He said, ‘For you, 100 liras!’ ‘Aren’t you ashamed?!’ I said to him. He replied, ‘If you’re an idiot, I have to be ashamed?’”
***
“I brought a few fine things from Safed. For Sara and me I found exquisitely embroidered Arab dresses, and they might be able to alter them for us here. Spoons and kerchiefs, bracelets and beads, a Damascene table and a set of gorgeous coffee demitasses made of silver, and above all, yesterday Sara brought a huge Persian carpet, totally new and beautiful, beauty like I never saw before. A living room like that can compete with that of all the rich folk of Tel Aviv.”
– A Palmach fighter, about the looting of Safed

There are only marginal references in Raz’s book to the reverse phenomenon: cases in which Arabs looted Jewish property.
In a footnote you write, “Arabs, too, looted and pillaged during the war.” One might also wonder why you didn’t describe the plundering of Jewish property in Arab countries after the Jews fled or were expelled from them. Wouldn’t it have been proper to refer to that?
“The book is a historical document, not an indictment. Let me tell you a story. I was invited to deliver a lecture at Ariel University [in the West Bank] in the wake of the publication of my book about the Kafr Qassem massacre. At the end, someone in the audience, who was apparently overwrought by what I had said, asked me, ‘Why didn’t you write about the massacre that the Arabs perpetrated against the Jews in Hebron in 1929?’ Well, the title of this book is ‘Looting of Arab Property by Jews in the War of Independence.’ It’s not ‘Looting and robbery in the history of the Israeli-Arab conflict from the First Aliyah to the Trump Plan.’
“I think that the looting of Arab property during the war is a singular and distinctive case – at least singular enough to write a book about it. I think that this plundering of property exerted, and continues to exert, considerable influence on the relations between the two people who share this land. The book shows, on the basis of much documentation, that an integral part of the Jewish public took part in the looting and theft of the property of more than 600,000 people. It doesn’t resemble the pogroms and the robbery carried out by the Arabs during the Palestine riots. The plundering of Jewish property in the Arab states – a fascinating subject in itself – is also unrelated to my book, whose first section is intended to describe the looting as a widespread phenomenon over the span of many months, and whose second section explains how such acts are interwoven with a political approach.”
You write that “there is no comparison between the scale of looting” by the Arabs and that of the Jews, and that in any case most of the Arab plunderers “were from neighboring countries and not local residents.” What is the basis of that assertion?
The looting turned the looters into accomplices to the political situation – passive partners in a political-policy approach that strove to void the land of its Arab residents, with a vested interest in not allowing them to return.
Adam Raz
“It’s a simple matter. The Arab residents fled or were expelled – and fast. They didn’t have the time or ability to start dealing with closets, refrigerators, pianos and with the property in the thousands of homes and shops that were left behind. They fled in a hurry and the great majority of them thought they would be back in a short time. The country was emptied of its Arab population within a span of days, and civilians and soldiers moved quickly to plunder their possessions.
“The Arab fighting forces, the great majority of whom were not local residents, also engaged in looting. But the scale is completely different. And, of course, the conquests of the Arab fighters were, happily, quite few. Kibbutz Nitzanim, which was taken by Egyptian forces, was looted and subjected to massive destruction. I do note in certain places (in the case of Jaffa or the Etzion Bloc, say) that the Arab forces engaged in looting. Even the British did some pillaging in the tumult of the hasty evacuation. But not on the same scale. You have to understand that the Jewish forces captured Tiberias, Haifa, West Jerusalem, Jaffa, Acre, Safed, Ramle, Lod and other locales. On the other side, the Arab fighters captured, for example, Kibbutz Yad Mordechai, Nitzanim and the Etzion Bloc.
“Haifa, for example, had a population of 70,000 Jews and a similar number of Arabs before the war. After the Israeli conquest of Arab Haifa, around 3,500 Arabs were left in the city. The property of the 66,500 Arabs who fled from the city was looted by the Jews, not by the beaten and frightened Arab minority.”
What befell the looters? Archival documents show that between dozens and hundreds of cases were opened against suspected looters, both civilians and soldiers. However, Raz points out, “As a rule, the punishments were always light, if not ridiculous,” ranging from a fine to six months in jail. Raz’s opinion was apparently shared by some of the cabinet ministers, as is attested to by correspondence from 1948.
Justice Minister Pinhas Rosen wrote, “Everything that has been done in this area is a disgrace to the State of Israel, and there is no appropriate response by the government.” His colleague, Agriculture Minister Aharon Zisling, complained that “the greatest robbery in the few cases of trials… received the lightest punishment.” Finance Minister Eliezer Kaplan wondered “whether this is the way to do battle against robbery and thefts.”
***
“The people who came with the trucks went from house to house and removed the valuable items: beds, mattresses, closets, kitchen utensils, glassware, sofas, curtains and other objects. When I returned home, I wanted very much to ask my mother why they were doing this – after all, that property belongs to someone… But I didn’t dare ask. The sight of the empty city and the taking of all the possessions of its inhabitants, and the questions all this aroused in me, haunted me for years.”
– Fawzi al-Asmar, about the looting in Lod
Following a comprehensive discussion about the plundering that went on in the country, Raz turns to its political implications. “This is not purely an account of looting, it is a political story,” he writes. The pillaging, he maintains, “was tolerated” by leaders in the political and the military arenas, and first and foremost by Ben-Gurion – despite his condemnations in official forums. Moreover, according to Raz, the looting “played a political role in shaping the character of Israeli society. It was allowed to proceed apace with no interference. That fact calls for a political explanation.”
And what is that explanation, as you see it?
“The plundering was a means to realize the policy of emptying the country of its Arab residents. First, in the simple sense, the looting turned the looters into criminals. Second, it turned the looters who perpetrated individual acts willy-nilly into accomplices to the political situation – passive partners in a political-policy approach that strove to void the land of its Arab residents, with a vested interest in not allowing them to return.”
That may be so in certain cases, but do you really think that the ordinary person on the street who saw a beautiful table and stole it, considered the matter carefully and said to himself, “I am stealing this table so that its owners will not be able to return, for political reasons”?
“The person who looted his neighbor’s property was not aware of the process in which he was an accomplice to a political line that aimed to prevent the Arabs’ return. But the moment you enter your neighbor’s building and remove the property of the Arab family that had been living there until the day before, you have less motivation for them to return in another month or another year. The passive partnership between a specific political approach and the individual looter also had a long-term influence. It reinforced the political idea that espoused segregation between the peoples in the years after the war.”
Without justifying the thieves, what do you think should have been done with this property? Transfer it to the Red Cross? Distribute it to the Jews in an “orderly” way?
“The question is not what I, the historian, would want to happen to the Arab property. To offer recommendations 70 years after the events is inane. The book shows that there were decision makers who were critical of what was happening in real time, both at the level of the events on the ground and at the political level. They thought that the fact that Ben-Gurion had permitted the looting was intended to create a particular political and social reality, and was a tool in Ben-Gurion’s hands to achieve his purposes. The reason [for such an approach] lies in the fact that there is a substantive difference between the looting by masses of Jewish citizens of the property of Palestinians who left their homes, shops and farms, and the collection of the property by an authorized institution. Socially and politically, it’s significantly different.
“And that was exactly the point of Ben-Gurion’s critics: that the looting was creating a corrupt society and served the line of segregation drawn between Arabs and Jews. Ministers and decision makers, such as the minister of minority affairs, Bechor Shalom-Sheetrit, and Zisling and Kaplan, were critical of the plundering by individuals. In their view, one authority, effective and with concrete power, should have been created to aggregate all the property and see to its distribution and handling. Ben-Gurion objected to this idea and torpedoed it.”
What did you take away personally from the comprehensive research you conducted, beyond the historical documentation? As a person, as a Jew, as a Zionist?
“The looting of Arab property and the conspiracy of silence around it constitute to this day actions with which the Jewish public, and the Zionist public, of which I am a part, must come to terms. Martin Buber said in this context (in a letter written at the time), ‘Inner redemption cannot be acquired unless we stand and look into the face of the lethal character of the truth.’”
Gideon Levy is a Ha’aretz columnist and a member of the newspaper’s editorial board. He joined Haaretz in 1982, and spent four years as the newspaper’s deputy editor. Levy was the recipient of the Euro-Med Journalist Prize for 2008; the Leipzig Freedom Prize in 2001; the Israeli Journalists’ Union Prize in 1997; and The Association of Human Rights in Israel Award for 1996. His new book, The Punishment of Gaza, has just been published by Verso.
Ofer Aderet is a history correspondent and staff writer for Ha’aretz.
Related Reading:
Unearthing Truths: Israel, the Nakba, and the Jewish National Fund
Gaza families suffer under 13+ years of Israeli imposed ‘quarantine’
Trump-Kushner “Peace” Plan ignores elephants in the room: Israel created this mess
The looters also served, consciously or unconsciously, the ethnic purification project that Israel has tried in vain to deny all through the years.
— Read on israelpalestinenews.org/even-ben-gurion-thought-most-jews-are-thieves-haaretz/
Malah Ben-Gurion Berpikir ‘Kebanyakan Orang Yahudi Adalah Pencuri’ –Ha’aretz
contact@ifamericansknew.org 5 Oktober 2020 Arab, ben gurion, pembersihan etnik, sejarah, Israel, Nakba, Palestin
Seorang pelarian Palestin terputus dari rumahnya oleh Garis Gencatan Senjata 1949 (Garis Hijau), yang ditubuhkan selepas perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948. Kredit: Arkib PBB Tanpa Tarikh
AS memberikan Israel bantuan lebih dari $ 10 juta sehari. Namun, kebanyakan orang Amerika tahu sedikit tentang Israel dan bagaimana ia ditubuhkan …
Sebuah akhbar terkemuka Israel melaporkan: “Pihak berkuasa menutup mata dan dengan demikian mendorong penjarahan itu, walaupun semua kecaman, kepura-puraan dan beberapa percobaan tidak masuk akal. Rampasan itu menjadi tujuan nasional: untuk segera menyelesaikan pembersihan etnik sebahagian besar negara Arabnya, dan memastikan bahawa 700,000 pelarian tidak akan pernah membayangkan kembali ke rumah mereka.
Dua artikel di bawah:
Oleh Gideon Levy, disiarkan semula dari Haaretz
Petikan dalam tajuk utama tidak diucapkan oleh pemimpin antisemitik, pembenci Yahudi atau neo-Nazi. Kata-kata itu adalah kata-kata pengasas Negara Israel, dua bulan setelah ia ditubuhkan. Perdana Menteri David Ben-Gurion sangat marah, atau paling tidak berpura-pura, dalam pertemuan partai politiknya Mapai, mengingat gelombang rampasan harta Arab oleh orang-orang Israel baru di seluruh negara yang baru muncul.
Konsep negara yang dilahirkan dalam dosa tidak pernah begitu konkrit: “Seperti belalang, penduduk Tiberi menyerbu masuk ke rumah-rumah …”; “Rompakan total dan lengkap … tidak ada utas yang tersisa di [mana-mana rumah]”; dan “tentera yang berbalut karpet Parsi di jalanan,” adalah beberapa gambaran tentang apa yang berlaku di hadapan semua orang, dan tidak pernah diberitahu seperti yang sebenarnya.
Sekarang sejarawan Adam Raz menulis tentangnya: “Merampas Harta Arab dalam Perang Kemerdekaan,” dan Haaretz’s Ofer Aderet melaporkannya dalam artikel yang mengejutkan di Haaretz pada hari Jumaat [lihat di bawah]. Ini harus mempertimbangkan apa yang tersisa dari hati nurani mana-mana Zionis yang tepat, dan membanjiri kita dengan perasaan malu dan rasa bersalah yang mendalam walaupun setelah 72 tahun.
Pihak berkuasa menutup mata dan dengan demikian mendorong penjarahan, walaupun terdapat semua kecaman, kepura-puraan dan beberapa percubaan yang tidak masuk akal. Rampasan itu bertujuan nasional: untuk segera menyelesaikan pembersihan etnik sebahagian besar negara Arabnya, dan memastikan bahawa 700,000 pelarian tidak akan pernah membayangkan kembali ke rumah mereka.
Bahkan sebelum Israel berjaya memusnahkan sebagian besar rumah, dan menghapus dari muka bumi lebih dari 400 kampung, datanglah penjarahan besar-besaran ini untuk mengosongkannya, sehingga para pelarian tidak memiliki alasan untuk kembali.
Oleh itu, penjarah dimotivasi bukan hanya oleh keserakahan jelek untuk memiliki harta curi tepat setelah perang berakhir, harta benda dalam beberapa kes menjadi orang yang menjadi jirannya sehari sebelumnya, dan bukan hanya oleh keinginan untuk cepat kaya dengan merampas rumah tangga barang dan perhiasan, sebahagian daripadanya sangat mahal. Para penjarah juga melayani, secara sedar atau tidak sedar, projek penyucian etnik yang telah ditolak oleh Israel dengan sia-sia selama bertahun-tahun. Perampas adalah pengintip dalam mesin pengusiran orang Arab.
Tentera Haganah dengan harta benda dirampas dari orang Arab setelah pengambilalihan Haifa, April 1948.
Tentera Haganah dengan harta benda dirampas dari orang Arab setelah pengambilalihan Haifa, April 1948. Kredit: Fred Chesnik / IDF dan Arkib Pertubuhan Pertahanan
Penjarahan menjaringkan matlamat strategik: Memurnikan tanah
Penjarahan ini, di mana hampir semua orang mengambil bahagian, adalah penjarahan kecil, yang membuktikan jika hanya sesaat bahawa “kebanyakan orang Yahudi adalah pencuri,” seperti yang dikatakan oleh bapa pengasas. Tetapi itu adalah penjarahan mini berbanding dengan penjarahan harta benda, rumah, kampung dan bandar yang dilembagakan – penjarahan tanah.
Oleh itu, niat ketua-ketua komuniti Yahudi yang membenarkan penjarahan itu lebih memalukan daripada keterangan individu mengenai hal itu. Sungguh luar biasa bahawa ia tidak pernah dibicarakan, salah satu alat penolakan dan penindasan oleh masyarakat Israel.
Haus untuk membalas dendam dan mabuk dengan kemenangan setelah perang yang sukar mungkin menjelaskan, walaupun sebahagiannya, penyertaan banyak orang. Perang adalah perkara yang jelek, dan begitu juga hari selepasnya. Tetapi apabila penjarahan itu bukan hanya menunjukkan kelemahan manusia yang sesaat tetapi bertujuan untuk mencapai tujuan strategik yang jelas – menyucikan negara penduduknya – kata-kata gagal.
Sesiapa yang percaya bahawa penyelesaian akan dapat dijumpai untuk konflik tanpa penebusan dan pampasan yang sewajarnya untuk tindakan ini, hidup dalam khayalan. Sekarang fikirkan perasaan keturunan, orang Arab Israel dan pelarian Palestin, yang tinggal bersama kita dan bersama kita. Mereka melihat gambar dan membaca perkara ini – apa yang terlintas di fikiran mereka?
Mungkin ada di antara mereka yang pernah menemui permaidani Parsi milik ibu bapa mereka, atau casing kaca yang merupakan nenek mereka, kenangan sejak kecil mereka, yang tinggal di rumah seorang Yahudi yang rumahnya mereka bersihkan. Mungkin mereka melihat coffeepot nenek mereka atau pedang kuno datuk mereka dipamerkan di beberapa rumah Yahudi yang sedang mereka renovasi.
Mereka tidak akan pernah dapat melihat kampung-kampung nenek moyang mereka: Israel merobohkan sebahagian besar dari mereka, untuk tidak meninggalkan sedikit pun. Tetapi satu cenderahati kecil yang dicuri dari rumah yang hilang boleh menyebabkan air mata jatuh. Tanya saja orang-orang Yahudi yang marah atas harta Yahudi yang dicuri.
Askar Yahudi dan Orang Awam Menjarah Harta Jiran Arab secara beramai-ramai pada tahun ’48. Pihak Berkuasa Membutakan Mata
Peti sejuk dan kaviar, sampanye dan permaidani – kajian komprehensif pertama oleh sejarawan Adam Raz mendedahkan sejauh mana orang Yahudi menjarah harta Arab semasa Perang Kemerdekaan, dan menjelaskan mengapa Ben-Gurion menyatakan: ‘Sebilangan besar orang Yahudi adalah pencuri’
Penjarah Israel
Tentera Haganah dengan harta benda dirampas dari orang Arab setelah pengambilalihan Haifa, April 1948. (Kredit: Fred Chesnik / IDF dan Arkib Pertubuhan Pertahanan)
Oleh Ofer Aderet, diposting semula dari Haaretz
“Kami mengubah almari mahoni menjadi kandang ayam dan kami menyapu sampah dengan dulang perak. Terdapat barang pecah belah dengan hiasan emas, dan kami akan menyebarkan selimut di atas meja dan meletakkan barang pecah belah dan emas di atasnya, dan ketika makanan selesai, semuanya dibawa bersama ke ruang bawah tanah. Di tempat lain, kami menjumpai sebuah gudang dengan 10,000 kotak kaviar, itulah yang mereka hitung. Selepas itu, mereka tidak dapat menyentuh kaviar lagi seumur hidup mereka. Terdapat perasaan malu di satu pihak pada tingkah laku itu, dan di sisi lain perasaan tidak bertanggungjawab. Kami menghabiskan 12 hari di sana, ketika Yerusalem mengerang kekurangan yang mengerikan, dan kami menambah berat badan. Kami makan ayam dan makanan sedap yang tidak akan anda percayai. Di [markas di] Notre Dame, beberapa orang mencukur sampanye. ”
– Dov Doron, sebagai keterangan mengenai penjarahan di Yerusalem
***
Pada 24 Julai 1948, dua bulan setelah penubuhan Negara Israel, David Ben-Gurion, ketua pemerintah sementara, menyuarakan beberapa kritikan ekstrim mengenai rakyatnya: “Ternyata kebanyakan orang Yahudi adalah pencuri … Saya mengatakan ini sengaja dan sederhana, kerana sayangnya itu benar. ” Komennya muncul dalam warna hitam dan putih pada minit mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pusat Mapai, pendahulu Buruh, yang disimpan di Arkib Parti Buruh.
“Orang-orang dari Lembah Jezreel mencuri! Pelopor pelopor, ibu bapa kanak-kanak Palmach [pasukan komando pra-negeri]! Dan semua orang mengambil bahagian di dalamnya, baruch Hashem, orang-orang dari [Moshav] Nahalal! … Ini adalah tamparan umum. Ini mengerikan, kerana menunjukkan kelemahan asas. Pencurian dan rompakan – dan dari mana datangnya ini? Mengapa orang-orang tanah – pembangun, pencipta, perintis – melakukan perbuatan seperti ini? Apa yang berlaku? ”
Protokol ini digali oleh sejarawan Adam Raz dalam penyelidikannya untuk buku barunya yang, seperti yang dicadangkan oleh judulnya, menangani masalah yang sangat berat, sensitif dan tidak stabil: “Perampasan Harta Arab dalam Perang Kemerdekaan” (Carmel Publishing House , bekerjasama dengan Akevot Institute for Israel-Palestin Conflict Research; dalam bahasa Ibrani). Tugas yang dia laksanakan adalah menakutkan: untuk mengumpulkan, untuk pertama kalinya dalam satu jilid, semua maklumat yang ada mengenai penjarahan harta Arab oleh orang Yahudi semasa Perang Kemerdekaan Israel 1947-49 – dari Tiberias di utara hingga Be’er Sheva di selatan; dari Jaffa ke Yerusalem melalui perkampungan, masjid dan gereja yang tersebar di antara mereka. Raz meneliti lebih daripada 30 arkib di seluruh negara, membaca surat khabar pada zaman itu dan meneliti semua literatur yang ada mengenai perkara ini. Hasilnya menghancurkan.
“Sebilangan besar masyarakat Israel – orang awam dan tentera – terlibat dalam penjarahan harta penduduk Arab,” kata Raz kepada Haaretz. “Rampasan itu merebak seperti api di kalangan orang ramai.” Ia melibatkan kandungan puluhan ribu kediaman, kedai dan kilang, peralatan mekanikal, hasil ladang, lembu dan banyak lagi, lanjutnya. Termasuk juga piano, buku, pakaian, perhiasan, perabot, peralatan elektrik, mesin dan kereta. Raz telah memberikan penyelidikan kepada orang lain mengenai nasib tanah dan bangunan yang ditinggalkan oleh 700,000 orang Arab yang melarikan diri atau diusir dalam perang. Dia hanya memfokuskan pada barang bergerak, barang yang boleh dimasukkan ke dalam beg atau dimuatkan ke kenderaan.
Ben-Gurion bukan satu-satunya tokoh senior yang dikutip Raz. Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, rakan pelajar undang-undang Ben-Gurion beberapa dekad sebelumnya, dan kemudian presiden kedua Israel, juga menyebut fenomena tersebut. Menurut catatannya, mereka yang melakukan penjarahan adalah orang-orang Yahudi ” sopan ” yang memandang tindakan rompakan itu wajar dan dibenarkan. ” Dalam sepucuk surat, bertarikh 2 Juni 1948, kepada Ben-Gurion yang dikutip oleh Raz, Ben-Zvi menulis bahawa apa yang terjadi di Yerusalem melakukan kerosakan “mengerikan” terhadap kehormatan orang-orang Yahudi dan pasukan pertempuran.
“Saya tidak boleh berdiam diri mengenai rompakan itu, baik [yang] diatur oleh kumpulan dan [yang] tidak tersusun, oleh individu,” tulisnya. “Rompakan telah menjadi fenomena umum … Semua orang akan bersetuju bahawa pencuri kami jatuh ke kawasan kejiranan yang ditinggalkan seperti belalang di ladang atau kebun.”
Karya arsip Raz yang menyeluruh menghasilkan petikan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya, yang membuat bacaan menyakitkan, dari tokoh senior dan junior di masyarakat dan organisasi Israel, dari pemimpin hingga pasukan berpangkat rendah.
Askar berehat di kerusi berlengan di Jaffa.
Askar berehat di kerusi berlengan di Jaffa. Kredit: Beno Rothenberg / Arkib Negeri
Dalam sebuah fail arkib Harta Orang Kurang Upaya (iaitu, harta milik orang Palestin yang meninggalkan kediaman atau negara mereka setelah berlakunya 29 November 1947, resolusi partisi PBB, yang dirampas oleh pemerintah Israel), Raz terletak laporan 1949 oleh Dov Shafrir, penjaga rasmi, yang menyatakan: “Penerbangan besar-besaran penduduk Arab yang panik, meninggalkan banyak harta di ratusan dan ribuan pangsapuri, kedai, gudang dan bengkel, pengabaian tanaman di ladang dan buah-buahan di kebun-kebun, kebun-kebun, dan kebun-kebun anggur, semua ini di tengah-tengah pergolakan perang … menghadapi pertempuran Yishuv [komuniti Yahudi pra-1948 di Palestin] dengan godaan material yang serius … nafsu balas dendam, pembenaran moral dan daya tarik material meningkat besar banyak … Acara di tanah melereng di lereng yang tidak diperiksa. ”
Kesaksian Haim Kremer, yang bertugas di Brige Negev Palmach dan dikirim ke Tiberias untuk mencegah penjarahan, ditemui di Arkib Yad Tabenkin, di Ramat Gan. “Seperti belalang, penduduk Tiberi menyerbu masuk ke rumah-rumah … Kami harus menggunakan pukulan dan kelab, untuk memukulnya kembali dan memaksa mereka meninggalkan barang-barang di tanah,” kata Kremer.
Buku harian Yosef Nachmani, seorang penduduk Tiberi yang pernah menjadi pengasas organisasi pertahanan Yahudi Hashomer, disimpan dalam arkibnya dan berisi entri berikut tentang peristiwa di kotanya pada tahun 1948: “Orang-orang Yahudi mengamuk dan mulai menjarah kedai-kedai … Oleh puluhan dan puluhan, secara berkumpulan, orang Yahudi terus merompak rumah dan kedai orang Arab.
Banyak tentera juga, “tidak mundur dan bergabung dalam perayaan,” tulis Nahum Av, komandan Haganah Kota Tua Tiberias, dalam memoarnya. Tentera Yahudi yang baru saja bertempur melawan orang Arab ditempatkan di pintu masuk ke Kota Tua, tulisnya, untuk mengelakkan penduduk Yahudi masuk ke rumah orang Arab. Mereka bersenjata “ketika menghadapi orang Yahudi yang berusaha memaksa masuk ke kota dengan tujuan merompak dan menjarah.” Sepanjang hari itu, “orang banyak berkumpul di sekitar rintangan dan berusaha masuk. Para tentera terpaksa menolak dengan kuat.”
Dalam hubungan ini, Kremer menyatakan bahawa “ada persaingan antara unit-unit Haganah yang berlainan … yang datang dengan kereta dan kapal dan memuat semua jenis objek … peti sejuk, tempat tidur dan sebagainya.” Dia menambahkan: “Secara semula jadi, orang Yahudi di Tiberias melakukan hal yang sama. Ini meninggalkan kesan yang sangat keras pada saya, keburukannya. Ini mengotorkan bendera kita … Perjuangan kita dirugikan pada tahap moralnya … memalukan … kemerosotan moral seperti itu. ”
Orang dilihat “berkeliaran di antara kedai yang dijarah dan mengambil apa sahaja yang tersisa setelah pencurian yang memalukan,” tambah Nahum Av dalam akaunnya. “Saya meronda di jalan-jalan dan melihat sebuah bandar yang tidak lama dahulu menjadi lebih normal. Padahal sekarang ini adalah kota hantu, dirampas, kedainya dipecah masuk dan kediamannya kosong dari penghuni… Tontonan yang paling memalukan adalah orang-orang yang mencari-cari di antara timbunan yang tersisa setelah rompakan besar. Seseorang melihat pemandangan memalukan yang sama di mana-mana. Saya berfikir: Bagaimana mungkin? Perkara ini semestinya tidak pernah berlaku. ”
Netiva Ben-Yehuda, seorang pejuang Palmach ikonik yang mengambil bahagian dalam pertempuran untuk Tiberias, tanpa kompromi dalam penerangannya mengenai peristiwa itu. “Gambar seperti itu diketahui oleh kami. Itu adalah cara yang selalu dilakukan kepada kita, dalam Holocaust, sepanjang perang dunia, dan semua pogrom. Oy, betapa baiknya kita mengetahui gambar-gambar itu. Dan di sini – di sini, kami melakukan perkara-perkara mengerikan ini kepada orang lain, “tulisnya. “Kami memuatkan semuanya ke van – dengan tangan yang gemetar. Dan itu bukan kerana berat badan. Walaupun sekarang tangan saya berjabat, hanya dari menulis mengenainya. ”
Tiberias, yang ditakluki oleh pasukan Yahudi pada bulan April 1948, adalah kota campuran Yahudi-Arab yang pertama diambil dalam Perang Kemerdekaan. Ini adalah “contoh dasar dari segala sesuatu yang akan berlaku pada bulan-bulan mendatang di kota-kota Arab dan campuran negara itu,” kata Raz. Dalam penyelidikannya, dia mendapati bahawa tidak ada data rasmi mengenai penjarahan, skop fizikal dan kewangannya. Tetapi jelas, tindakan seperti itu berlaku secara meluas di setiap bandar tersebut.
Memang, Raz menemui kisah yang serupa dengan yang terdapat di Tiberias dalam dokumentasi pertempuran untuk Haifa, yang berlaku beberapa hari kemudian, pada 21 dan 22 April. “Ketika mereka bertempur dan menaklukkan dengan satu tangan, para pejuang mendapati masa untuk menjarah, antara barang-barang lain, mesin jahit, pemain rakaman dan pakaian, dengan tangan lain, ”menurut Zeev Yitzhaki, yang bertempur di kawasan Halisa di bandar ini.
“Orang-orang meraih apa yang mereka dapat … Mereka dengan inisiatif membuka kedai-kedai yang ditinggalkan dan memuat barang-barang ke setiap kenderaan. Anarki memerintah, “tambah Zadok Eshel, dari Carmeli Brigade. “Seiring dengan kegembiraan di atas pembebasan kota dan kelegaan setelah berbulan-bulan insiden berlumuran darah, sangat mengejutkan untuk melihat kesungguhan orang awam untuk memanfaatkan kekosongan itu dan menyerang rumah orang-orang yang nasibnya kejam telah berubah menjadi pelarian. ”
Gadis-gadis pelarian Palestin menolak barang-barang mereka dengan kereta bayi dan kereta ketika mereka melarikan diri dari Jaffa setelah perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948.
Gadis-gadis pelarian Palestin menolak barang-barang mereka dengan kereta dan kereta ketika mereka melarikan diri dari Jaffa setelah perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948. Kredit: Arkib PBB 1948
Yosef Nachmani, yang mengunjungi Haifa setelah ditawan oleh pasukan Yahudi, menulis, “Orang-orang tua dan wanita, tanpa mengira usia dan status agama, semuanya sibuk menjarah. Dan tidak ada yang menghalang mereka. Malu dan aib melanda saya; ada keinginan untuk meludah di bandar dan meninggalkannya. Ini akan membalas dendam terhadap kita dan dalam pendidikan belia dan anak-anak. Orang hilang rasa malu, tindakan seperti ini merosakkan asas moral masyarakat. ”
Begitu meluas ialah penjarahan dan pencurian yang dilakukan oleh jaksa agung yang mengiringi pasukan pertempuran di Haifa, Moshe Ben-Peretz, pada bulan Jun 1948: “Tidak ada yang tersisa dari orang Arab. Cukup pogrom … Dan semua komandan mempunyai alasan; “Saya baru saja sampai di sini dua minggu yang lalu,” dll. Tidak ada yang ditahan. ”
***
“Terdapat begitu banyak rumah yang hancur, dan perabot pecah di tengah-tengah timbunan puing. Pintu-pintu rumah di kedua-dua jalan itu dipecah masuk. Banyak benda dari rumah terbaring berselerak di trotoar … Di ambang rumah terdapat buaian bersandar di sisinya, dan boneka telanjang, agak hancur, terbaring di sebelahnya, wajahnya menunjuk ke bawah. Di mana bayi itu? Pengasingan mana yang dia masuki? Pengasingan mana? ”
– Moshe Carmel, komandan Briged Carmeli, mengenai penjarahan di Haifa
Anggota Dewan Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Yishuv telah memberi amaran mengenai kemungkinan penjarahan. “Di masa depan kita akan berdiri di hadapan sejarah, yang akan membahas masalah ini,” mereka menulis kepada badan kepimpinan pra-negara Jawatankuasa Kecemasan. Kakitangan Perkhidmatan Kehakiman tentera, yang merupakan bagian dari aparat keadilan militer, mencatat, dalam sebuah dokumen yang berjudul “Epidemi Penjarahan dan Perompakan”: “Penderitaan ini telah merebak ke semua unit dan semua pangkat perwira … Perompakan dan perampasan telah dianggap mengerikan dimensi, dan tentera kita sibuk dengan pekerjaan ini sehingga membahayakan kesediaan mereka untuk berperang dan kesetiaan mereka terhadap tugas mereka. ”
Anggota Parti Komunis juga bercakap mengenai perkara ini. Dalam sebuah memorandum kepada Pentadbiran Rakyat (kabinet pemerintah sementara) dan markas Haganah, pihak tersebut merujuk pada “kampanye penjarahan, rompakan dan pencurian harta benda Arab dalam dimensi yang menakutkan.” Memang, “Sebilangan besar rumah penduduk Arab telah dikosongkan dari semua barang berharga, barang dagangan dan komoditi telah dicuri dari kedai-kedai, dan mesin telah dikeluarkan dari bengkel dan kilang.”
Setelah penaklukan Haifa, Ben-Gurion menulis dalam buku hariannya mengenai “rompakan total dan lengkap” di kejiranan Wadi Nisnas, yang dilakukan oleh Irgun, milisi pra-negara yang dipimpin oleh pasukan Menachem Begin, dan pasukan Haganah. “Ada kes di mana orang Haganah, termasuk komandan, ditemukan dengan barang-barang yang dicuri,” tulisnya. Beberapa hari kemudian, dalam pertemuan eksekutif Badan Yahudi, Golda Meir menyatakan bahawa “pada satu atau dua hari pertama [setelah penaklukan kota], keadaan di kawasan penaklukan itu suram. Di sektor yang diambil oleh Irgun, terutama, tidak ada benang yang tersisa di [mana-mana] rumah. ”
Laporan mengenai rampasan itu juga muncul di akhbar. Pada akhir tahun 1948, Aryeh Nesher, wartawan Haifa dari Haaretz, menulis, “Ternyata orang Yahudi juga telah mempelajari profesion ini [pencurian], dan secara menyeluruh, seperti kebiasaan orang Yahudi. ‘Pekerjaan Ibrani’ sekarang ada dalam panggilan ini juga. Memang, bencana pencurian telah melanda Haifa. Semua kalangan Yishuv mengambil bahagian di dalamnya, tanpa mengira komuniti etnik dan negara asal. Pendatang baru dan bekas penghuni Penjara Acre, penduduk lama dari Timur dan Barat tanpa diskriminasi … Dan di mana polis? ” Seorang wartawan untuk Maariv, yang mengambil bagian dalam lawatan ke Yerusalem pada bulan Juli 1948, menulis, “Bawa hakim dan pegawai polis ke Yerusalem Yahudi, kerana kita telah menjadi seperti semua bangsa.”
***
Haifa, 1948. Rampasan itu, kata Raz, “ditoleransi” oleh kepemimpinan, dan yang pertama dan paling utama oleh Ben-Gurion – walaupun kecamannya di forum rasmi.
Haifa, 1948. Rampasan itu, kata Raz, “ditoleransi” oleh kepemimpinan, dan yang pertama dan paling utama oleh Ben-Gurion – walaupun kecamannya di forum rasmi. Kredit: Fred Chesnik / IDF dan Arkib Pertubuhan Pertahanan
“Sepanjang jalan tidak ada rumah, tidak ada kedai, tidak ada bengkel dari mana semuanya tidak diambil … Perkara yang bernilai dan tidak bernilai – semuanya, secara harfiah! Anda ditinggalkan dengan kesan terkejut dengan gambar reruntuhan ini dan timbunan puing-puing, di antaranya lelaki mengembara, menusuk kain untuk mendapatkan sesuatu. Mengapa tidak diambil? Mengapa kasihan? ”
– Ruth Lubitz, keterangan mengenai penjarahan di Jaffa
Raz, 37, adalah kakitangan Akevot Institute (yang memfokuskan kepada isu hak asasi manusia yang berkaitan dengan konflik), dan menyunting jurnal Telem untuk Berl Katznelson Foundation. (Dia juga sering menjadi penyumbang karya sejarah untuk Haaretz.) Walaupun dia tidak memiliki gelar doktor, riwayat hidupnya mencakup sejumlah studi yang dengan mudah dapat dijadikan dasar untuk memperoleh gelar Ph.D. tesis – mengenai pembunuhan beramai-ramai Kafr Qasem, projek nuklear Israel dan Theodor Herzl. Penjarahan harta benda Arab oleh orang Yahudi telah ditulis sebelumnya, tetapi Raz nampaknya orang pertama yang mencurahkan keseluruhan monograf untuk perkara ini.
“Tidak seperti penyelidik lain yang menulis mengenai perang, saya melihat penjarahan itu adalah peristiwa yang jauh lebih besar daripada apa yang telah diperkatakan sebelumnya,” kata sejarawan itu. “Di dalam buku ini, saya menunjukkan betapa terganggunya sebagian besar pembuat keputusan mengenai penjarahan dan bahaya yang ditimbulkannya kepada masyarakat Yahudi, dan sejauh mana isu itu menjadi pertikaian di antara mereka.”
Dia juga berpendapat bahwa telah terjadi “konspirasi diam” mengenai fenomena tersebut. Hasilnya, bahkan pada tahun 2020, rakan-rakan yang membaca buku sebelum penerbitannya “terkejut dengan skala,” katanya.
Lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak bergegas ke sana-sini seperti tikus yang dibius. Banyak yang bertengkar atas satu barang atau barang lain di salah satu timbunan, dan ia mencapai titik pertumpahan darah.
Yair Goren
Dia menggambarkan rampasan harta Arab oleh orang Yahudi sebagai fenomena “tunggal”, kerana penjarah adalah orang awam (Yahudi) yang mencuri dari jiran awam mereka (Arab). “Ini bukan ‘musuh’ abstrak dari seberang laut, tetapi jiran-jiran semalam,” katanya.
Atas alasan apa anda mendakwa bahawa ini adalah acara tunggal? Sejarah menunjukkan bahawa dalam Perang Dunia II, masyarakat Poland juga merampas harta benda tetangga Yahudi mereka, yang telah tinggal bersama mereka dengan aman selama berabad-abad. Mungkin ini adalah tindak balas yang tidak unik untuk kes kita? Mungkin itu sifat manusia?
Raz: “Menjarah di masa perang adalah fenomena sejarah kuno yang didokumentasikan dalam teks berusia ribuan tahun. Buku saya tidak membincangkan fenomena pada umumnya, tetapi dengan kes Israel-Arab-Palestin. Penting bagi saya untuk menekankan bahawa rampasan harta tanah Arab berbeza daripada penjarahan semasa perang. Ini bukan tentera Amerika, misalnya, yang menjarah Vietnam, atau Jerman beribu-ribu kilometer dari rumah. Ini adalah orang awam yang menjarah jiran mereka di seberang jalan. Saya tidak bermaksud bahawa mereka semestinya mengenali Ahmed atau Noor yang harta benda mereka curi, tetapi jiran-jiran itu adalah sebahagian daripada struktur sosial yang dikongsi bersama.
“Yahudi dari Haifa dan daerah yang merampas harta benda hampir 70,000 orang Arab di Haifa, misalnya, mengenali orang-orang Arab yang rumah mereka dirampas. Hal itu tentunya berlaku di kota-kota campuran dan desa-desa yang ada di sebelah kibbutzim dan moshavim. Buku ini penuh dengan contoh yang membuktikan fakta bahawa penjarah tahu bahawa apa yang mereka lakukan itu tidak bermoral. Selanjutnya, orang ramai tahu bahawa majoriti masyarakat Palestin tidak mengambil bahagian aktif dalam pertempuran tersebut. Dalam kebanyakan kes, sebenarnya, rampasan itu berlaku setelah pertempuran, pada hari dan minggu setelah penerbangan dan pengusiran Palestin. ”
Namun, itu bukan satu-satunya kes seumpamanya.
Raz. “Rampasan harta Arab … dilakukan, dan terus memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap hubungan antara dua orang yang berbagi tanah ini.”
Raz. “Penjarahan harta Arab … dilakukan, dan terus memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap hubungan antara dua orang yang berbagi tanah ini.” Kredit: Tomer Appelbaum
“Sebagai sejarawan, saya bukan penyokong sejarah perbandingan, dan saya tidak dapati banyak perkara mengenai kes Israel daripada penjarahan yang berlaku dalam sejarah.”
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Dari Haifa, buku Raz berpindah ke Yerusalem, di mana penjarahan itu berlangsung selama berbulan-bulan, katanya. Dia mengutip buku harian Moshe Salomon, seorang komandan syarikat yang berperang di kota: “Kami semua tersapu olehnya, pegawai swasta dan pegawai sama. Semua orang disita oleh keinginan untuk harta benda. Mereka mencari-cari di setiap rumah, dan ada yang menjumpai makanan, yang lain menjumpai barang-barang mahal. Mania juga menyerang saya, dan saya hampir tidak dapat menahan diri. Dalam hal ini, tidak ada batasan untuk apa yang akan dilakukan orang… Di sinilah bermulanya moral dan kemanusiaan, sehingga seseorang dapat memahami makna doktrin yang mengatakan bahawa nilai-nilai moral dan kemanusiaan menjadi kabur dalam perang. ”
Yair Goren, seorang penduduk Yerusalem, mengatakan bahawa “perburuan harta rampasan itu sangat sengit … Lelaki, wanita dan anak-anak bergegas ke sana-sini seperti tikus yang dibius. Banyak yang bertengkar atas satu barang atau yang lain di salah satu timbunan, atau lebih dari sejumlah barang, dan itu mencapai titik pertumpahan darah. ”
Pegawai operasi Briged Harel, Eliahu Sela, menerangkan bagaimana “piano dan kerusi berlengan emas dan merah dimuat ke dalam trak kami. Ia mengerikan. Ia mengerikan. Pejuang melihat radio dan berkata, ‘Hei, saya perlukan radio.’ Kemudian mereka melihat set makan malam. Mereka membuang radio dan mengambil set makan malam … Tentara menerkam di tempat tidur. Mereka memuat dan memuatkan [barang] dalam mantel mereka. ”
Senator David Werner, salah seorang pemimpin Brit Shalom, yang menganjurkan hidup bersama Arab-Yahudi di satu negara, dan seorang pentadbir kanan di Hebrew University of Jerusalem, menggambarkan apa yang dilihatnya: “Hari-hari ini, ketika Anda melewati jalan-jalan Rehavia [kejiranan Yerusalem kelas atas], anda melihat di mana-mana orang tua, anak muda dan anak-anak yang kembali dari Katamon atau kawasan lain dengan beg yang dipenuhi dengan barang-barang yang dicuri. Rampasan itu pelbagai: peti sejuk dan tempat tidur, jam dan buku, pakaian dalam dan pakaian … Betapa memalukan perompak Yahudi terhadap kita, dan kehancuran moral yang mereka bawa kepada kita! Jelas sekali, kelalaian yang mengerikan merebak di kalangan orang muda dan tua. ”
Seorang pegawai operasi di Brigade Etzioni, Eliahu Arbel, menggambarkan tentera “dibungkus karpet Parsi” yang telah mereka curi. Suatu malam, dia terserempak dengan kenderaan berperisai yang mencurigakan. “Kami mendapati bahawa ia dipenuhi dengan peti sejuk, pemain rakaman, permaidani dan apa yang anda ada.” Pemandu itu berkata kepadanya, “Beri saya alamat anda, saya akan membawa apa sahaja yang anda mahukan ke rumah anda.” Arbel meneruskan: “Saya tidak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan. Tangkap dia? Bunuh dia? Saya memberitahunya, ‘Keluar dari sini!’ Dan dia pergi. ” Selanjutnya, dia teringat, “Seorang jiran memberitahu isteri saya bahawa peti sejuk elektrik boleh didapati dengan murah di kedai tertentu. Saya pergi ke kedai dan menemui lelaki itu dari kenderaan berperisai di sana. Dia berkata, ‘Untukmu, 100 lira!’ ’Tidakkah kamu malu?!’ ’Kataku kepadanya. Dia menjawab, ‘Sekiranya anda bodoh, saya harus malu?’ ”
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“Saya membawa beberapa perkara baik dari Safed. Bagi Sara dan saya, saya menjumpai gaun Arab yang sangat bersulam, dan mereka mungkin boleh mengubahnya untuk kami di sini. Sudu dan saputangan, gelang dan manik, meja Damsyik dan set demitass kopi cantik yang diperbuat daripada perak, dan yang paling penting, semalam Sara membawa permaidani Parsi yang besar, benar-benar baru dan cantik, seperti yang belum pernah saya lihat sebelumnya. Ruang tamu seperti itu dapat menandingi semua orang kaya di Tel Aviv. ”
– Seorang pejuang Palmach, mengenai penjarahan Safed
Seorang pelarian Palestin terputus dari rumahnya oleh Garis Gencatan Senjata 1949 (Garis Hijau), yang ditubuhkan selepas perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948.
Seorang pelarian Palestin terputus dari kediamannya oleh Garis Gencatan Senjata 1949 (Garis Hijau), yang ditubuhkan selepas perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948. Kredit: Arkib PBB Tanpa Tarikh
Hanya terdapat sebutan kecil dalam buku Raz mengenai fenomena sebaliknya: kes di mana orang Arab menjarah harta Yahudi.
Dalam nota kaki anda menulis, “Orang Arab juga dijarah dan dijarah semasa perang.” Mungkin ada yang tertanya-tanya mengapa anda tidak menggambarkan penjarahan harta Yahudi di negara-negara Arab setelah orang Yahudi melarikan diri atau diusir dari mereka. Bukankah wajar untuk merujuknya?
“Buku ini adalah dokumen sejarah, bukan dakwaan. Izinkan saya menceritakan sebuah kisah. Saya dijemput untuk menyampaikan kuliah di Ariel University [di Tebing Barat] setelah penerbitan buku saya mengenai pembunuhan beramai-ramai Kafr Qassem. Pada akhirnya, seseorang di antara penonton, yang nampaknya ditindas oleh apa yang saya katakan, bertanya kepada saya, “Mengapa anda tidak menulis mengenai pembunuhan yang dilakukan orang Arab terhadap orang Yahudi di Hebron pada tahun 1929?” Nah, judul buku ini adalah ‘Merampas Harta Arab oleh Yahudi dalam Perang Kemerdekaan.’ Bukan ‘Merampas dan merompak dalam sejarah konflik Israel-Arab dari Aliyah Pertama hingga Rancangan Trump.’
“Saya berpendapat bahawa rampasan harta Arab semasa perang adalah kes yang unik dan tersendiri – sekurang-kurangnya cukup unik untuk menulis buku mengenainya. Saya berpendapat bahawa penjarahan harta tanah ini dilakukan, dan terus memberi pengaruh yang besar terhadap hubungan antara dua orang yang berkongsi tanah ini. Buku ini menunjukkan, berdasarkan banyak dokumentasi, bahawa sebahagian besar masyarakat Yahudi mengambil bahagian dalam penjarahan dan pencurian harta benda lebih dari 600,000 orang. Itu tidak menyerupai pogrom dan rompakan yang dilakukan oleh orang Arab semasa rusuhan Palestin. Penjarahan harta benda Yahudi di negara-negara Arab – subjek yang menarik sendiri – juga tidak berkaitan dengan buku saya, yang bahagian pertama bertujuan untuk menggambarkan penjarahan sebagai fenomena yang berleluasa selama beberapa bulan, dan bahagian kedua menjelaskan bagaimana tindakan saling berkaitan dengan pendekatan politik. ”
Anda menulis bahawa “tidak ada perbandingan antara skala penjarahan” oleh orang-orang Arab dan orang-orang Yahudi, dan bahawa bagaimanapun juga, kebanyakan penjarah Arab “berasal dari negara-negara jiran dan bukan penduduk tempatan.” Apakah asas penegasan itu?
Rampasan itu menjadikan para penjarah menjadi kaki tangan kepada situasi politik – rakan pasif dalam pendekatan politik-politik yang berusaha untuk membatalkan tanah penduduk Arabnya, dengan kepentingan tidak membenarkan mereka kembali.
Adam Raz
“Ini perkara mudah. Penduduk Arab melarikan diri atau diusir – dan cepat. Mereka tidak mempunyai masa atau kemampuan untuk mula berurusan dengan almari, peti sejuk, piano dan harta benda di ribuan rumah dan kedai yang tertinggal.
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